?Conditions of emergence of the Sooty Bark Disease and aerobiology of Cryptostroma corticale in Europe

The sooty bark disease (SBD) is an emerging affecting sycamore maple trees ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) in Europe. Cryptostroma corticale , the causal agent, putatively native to eastern North America, can be also pathogenic for humans causing pneumonitis. It was first detected 1945 Europe, with markedly increasing reports since 2000. Pathogen development appears linked heat waves and drought episodes. Here, we analyse conditions of SBD emergence Europe based on a three-decadal time-series data set. We assess suitability aerobiological samples using species-specific quantitative PCR assay inform epidemiology C. through regional study France comparing two-year epidemiological data, continental including 12 air samplers from six countries (Czechia, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden Switzerland). found that accumulated water deficit spring summer lower than -132 mm correlates outbreaks. Our results suggest efficient airborne pathogen which disperse its conidia as far 310 km site closest outbreak. Aerobiology followed distribution detection high within host area longer presence, such Switzerland Czech Republic, sporadic where reported just once. absent Portugal Sweden, has not been yet. conclude surveillance spatial SBD, contribute early pathogen-free countries.